Tendencias recientes en la extracción de metales

Autores/as

  • M. Regel-Rosocka Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan Universtity of Technology
  • F. J. Alguacil Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalurgicas (CENIM-CSIC)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1344

Palabras clave:

Extracción líquido-liquido, Metales, Agentes de extracción, Líquidos iónicos, Cesio

Resumen


Después de casi 70 años de uso práctico, la extracción líquido-líquido o extracción con disolventes es una técnica de separación muy evolucionada, utilizándose a escala industrial en el beneficio de metales obtenidos de diversas materias primas. Sin embargo, con el agotamiento de los recursos naturales y el aumento de depósitos minerales de más difícil acceso, restricciones medio ambientales, etc., ha aumentado el interés, tanto desde el punto de vista económico como social, en la recuperación de los metales contenidos en materiales secundarios (baterías, chatarras electrónicas). En muchos casos, la extracción líquido-líquido y debido a sus características operacionales, se considera como la mejor tecnología disponible respecto a la separación de disoluciones metálicas multielementales. Este trabajo considera algunos de estos anteriores estudios y presenta la situación actual de la tecnología en cuanto a investigaciones y desarrollos, describiendo algunas de las más recientes plantas industriales en funcionamiento, detallando la planta Skorpion (Namibia) para la obtención de zinc, así como investigaciones encaminadas a la eliminación de cesio de efluentes radioactivos. También se presentan algunas de las propuestas encaminadas a la separación-recuperación de metales de materiales secundarios (por ejemplo, cobalto). Por último, se describe el uso emergente de los iones líquidos como agentes de extracción de los metales como una forma de introducción a este fascinante campo de aplicación de la tecnología y de estos compuestos. A pesar de sus detractores, la extracción líquido-líquido se posiciona en estos primeros años del siglo XXI como la tecnología líder en la separación de metales.

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2013-08-30

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Regel-Rosocka, M., & Alguacil, F. J. (2013). Tendencias recientes en la extracción de metales. Revista De Metalurgia, 49(4), 292–316. https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1344

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