Efecto de la microestructura en la tenacidad al impacto en aceros de elevada resistencia mecánica

Isabel Gutiérrez

doi:10.3989/revmetalm.029

Autores/as

Isabel Gutiérrez CEIT and TECNUN (University of Navarra)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.029

Palabras clave:

Microaleación, Microestructura, Modelo Charpy, Propiedades mecánicas, Tenacidad

Resumen

El desarrollo de nuevos grados de acero se tropieza con frecuencia con la necesidad de incrementar la resistencia mecánica al mismo tiempo que se reduce la temperatura de transición dúctil-frágil y se eleva la energía del palier dúctil. Hacer frente a este reto requiere un diseño microestructural. La tenacidad en aceros está controlada por diferentes constituyentes microestructurales. Algunos de ellos, como las inclusiones son intrínsecos, pero otros que se manifiestan a diferentes escalas microestructurales dependen de las condiciones de proceso. Existen algunas ecuaciones empíricas que permiten calcular para ferrita-perlita en aceros de bajo carbono la temperatura de transición como suma de contribuciones de elementos en solución sólida, nitrógeno libre, carburos, fracción de perlita, tamaño de grano y, eventualmente precipitación. Con el objeto de desarrollar una formulación aplicable en aceros de alta resistencia mecánica, se han producido en laboratorio microestructuras con un grado de complejidad controlado. Como resultado de este estudio, se ha desarrollado un modelo que reproduce, partiendo de datos microestructurales, las curvas Charpy de un acero microaleado con microestructuras de ferrita-perlita, bainita y de temple y revenido. Este modelo es una herramienta útil para el diseño microestructural.

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Citas

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