Decapado ácido de aceros al carbono
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.226Palabras clave:
Ácido clorhídrico, Cloruro de hierro (II), Cloruro de zinc, Decapado del acero, Galvanizado en calienteResumen
Este estudio analiza las posibilidades de recuperación de las aguas de decapado del acero al carbono y galvanizado. El decapado ácido con ácido clorhídrico (HCl) es el proceso químico más utilizado para eliminar los óxidos de hierro de la superficie del metal sin que se produzca un ataque significativo al propio acero. El baño de decapado ácido contiene principalmente cloruro ferroso (FeCl2) producido por la reacción entre el acero y el ácido clorhídrico libre. Sin embargo, el cloruro de zinc (ZnCl2) también se encuentra en el decapado de piezas de acero al carbono antes de la galvanización, ya que los ganchos y útiles utilizados para colgar las piezas también se galvanizan y son reusados contaminadon las aguas de decapado de acero con Zn. Las tecnologías de recuperación o reciclaje del agua de decapado buscan principalmente la reutilización del HCl de dos maneras. Parcialmente, recuperando el HCl que no ha reaccionado con el hierro, o totalmente, rompiendo el enlace FeCl2 mediante tecnologías de pirólisis, como el lecho fluidizado y la tostación por aspersión que a su vez produce otro subproducto de óxido de hierro. Sin embargo, el subproducto más común producido por las tecnologías de recuperación y reciclaje del agua de decapado es el cloruro férrico (FeCl3), ya que es un coagulante ampliamente utilizado en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Sin embargo, si el agua de decapado contiene ZnCl2 u otros metales, la producción de FeCl3 se vuelve poco atractiva y el agua de decapado se neutraliza y se deposita en vertederos. Este estudio también analiza una amplia gama de tecnologías capaces de recuperar la totalidad o parte del agua de decapado, incluida el agua de decapado normalmente excluida de las estrategias de economía circular.
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